Spatio-temporal complexity of power-grid frequency fluctuations

Abstract Power-grid systems constitute one of the most complex man-made spatially extended structures. These operate with strict operational bounds to ensure synchrony across grid. This is particularly relevant for power-grid frequency, which operates strictly at 50 Hz (60 Hz). Nevertheless, small fluctuations around mean frequency are present very short time scales <2 s and can exhibit highly spatio-temporal behaviour. Here we apply superstatistical data analysis techniques measured in Nordic We study increment statistics extract distribution functions from data. show that different synchronous recordings have distinct stochastic types superstatistics spatial locations, transitions another when lag changed.